“Nature’s art forms”

These analogous forms or types are demonstrated graphically in an overwhelmingly generous supply of colour lithographs. They purport to show how the simplicity and uniformity of nature is expressed in invertebrates and some vertebrates in an almost unbelievable profusion and multiplicity of repeating and varying patterns. Most are from Haeckel’s favourite research areas in natural history such as jelly-fish, protozoa, infusoria, and corals, some of them newly discovered on a research trip to Malaya and Java. Who would have believed that slime could be so colourful and well-constructed? Some higher animals such as insects, frogs, snakes and birds are also included.

The spectacular lithographs were sketched by Haeckel from his research notes going back many years, then drawn professionally by his lithographer Adolf Giltsch (1852-1911) of Jena, emended by Haeckel, and finally redrawn on the stone in colours by Giltsch for printing. Most of the plates are in a single delicate colour (one in a variety of hues), but some are in three or four colours, such as the print of hummingbirds (right).

The plates act as a visual source book comparable to the works on the Alhambra and on the “grammar of ornament” by Owen Jones . Indeed, the last chapter of Jones’s The grammar of ornament (1856) discusses ornamental patterns taken from flowers and foliage, providing a starting-point from which Haeckel (and others, including Haeckel’s opponent D’Arcy Thompson) could extend the discovery of patterns to animals. Like those other works, Kunstformen der Natur was also raided by designers of lamps, vases, drinking fountains and ceramic tiles [2].

The plates for Kunstformen der Natur were published loose in fascicules. The set acquired by the Wellcome Library comes from the firm of Henry Sotheran and is perfectly preserved with its original covers and boxes as issued–a remarkable survival. There is also a supplement containing textual tables.

Within a few years World War I would break out and such luxuries would become a thing of the past.

Kunstformen der Natur. Von Prof. Dr. Ernst Haeckel. Hundert Illustrationstafeln mit beschreibendem Text, allgemeine Erläuterung und systematische Übersicht. Leipzig ; Wien [Vienna]:Bibliographisches Institut, 1899-1904.

[1] Olaf Breidbach, Ernst Haeckel: Bildwelten der Natur. München; London : Prestel, 2006.

[2] Christoph Kockerbeck, Ernst Haeckels “Kunstformen der Natur” und ihr Einfluss auf die deutsche bildende Kunst der Jahrhundertwende: Studie zum Verhältnis von Kunst und Naturwissenschaften im Wilhelminischen Zeitalter. (Europaïsche Hochschulschriften. Reihe XX, Philosophie, Bd. 194), Frankfurt am Main & New York: P. Lang, 1986.

Author: William Schupbach